Forex devaluation brokers dealers Municipal Bonds Market types

A deliberate downward adjustment to a country's official exchange rate relative to other currencies. In a fixed exchange rate regime, only a decision by a country's government (central bank) can alter the official value of the currency. Contrast to devaluation is "revaluation". Brokers/Dealers: Brokers/Dealers/Registered Representatives hold a license. They are given license from Security Exchange Commission (SEC). Municipal Bonds: Municipal securities include municipal bonds and notes.Municipal securities are brought to the market in the serial form.(i.e: there are several different issues of smaller size). This is different from corporate and federal offerings. They are not serialized. They are brought to the market as one single issue.This is known as Bullet offering. If the longest term issue has a substantially larger quantity than other issues, the offering is said to contain balloon maturity.Each issue is independent and has its unique ID or CUSIP number. Municipal bonds are quoted at a basis prive. They are traded in terms of yield-to maturity. Market Types: Depending on the manner in which financial instruments (stocks, bonds) are traded, there are two major kinds of market : 1) Primary Market 2) Secondary Market Primary Market : New stocks and bonds that have never been traded before are sold at primary market. In general new issuance happens as IPO (Initial Public Offering) or as seasoned offerings where more shares are added to the market. Underwriters (Investment bankers who act as underwriters) bring new issues to the market via IPO, seasoned offerings. Secondary Market : It is a market in which assets that have been sold in the primary market are traded. Trading happens between investors and dealers which is generally via exchanges. Some famous exchanges are NYSE (New York Stock Exchange), London Stock Exchange. What is difference between business and financial risks and give examples of each FRM Level I Exam? Business Risk: Caused as a result of business decisions, business environment Impacts fir operations and sales as a result of decisions made by management Example: Company profit is lower because of economic condition Effective preventive mechanism: Choose a plan that has lower debt ratio so that company can meet financial obligation at all times Financial Risk: Loss in financial terms caused by various reasons resulting in decrease in value of the company The end result of financial risk is filing for bankruptcy and company going out of business Example: Banks closure as a result of sub prime mortgage crisis Effective preventive mechanism: Use risk management tools to effectively manage the financial risk of the company